Bovine ingredients sourced from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) were previously a source of major consumer concern ( Kim et al. Porcine-based products cannot be consumed by Muslims and Jews, while cow-based products cannot be eaten by Hindus because of their sacred position in religion. The authentication of gelatin sources is vital for both religious and safety concerns. Gelatin has a wide range of applications for gelling, binding, foaming, emulsifying, thickening, moisture retaining, plasticising and texture improving of various products ( Karim & Bhat 2008). Other animal sources of gelatin include chicken and fish ( Liu et al. Gelatin sourced from pigskin is significantly more abundant than from other animals ( GMIA 2012). It is reported that most commercial gelatins are produced from animals such as cattle and pigs. The animal origin of gelatin used in products has been a source of concern amongst consumers for many reasons. Gelatin can be found not only in pharmaceutical products such as capsules but also in dental materials. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa ATR-FTIR yang digabungkan dengan PCA dan PCR konvensional dapat digunakan untuk mengenal pasti gelatin babi dan sapi dalam bahan pergigian. Dengan menggunakan PCR, satu sampel, BDM 01, didapati mengandungi DNA babi dan lembu, sementara satu sampel (BDM 14) didapati positif DNA lembu. Had pengesanan untuk DNA masing-masing 0.001 ng/μL dan 0.0001 ng/μL untuk gelatin bovine dan porcine. Pengesanan dan pembezaan standard gelatin (lembu dan babi) terhadap gelatin yang terdapat pada bahan pergigian dicapai dengan menggunakan ATR-FTIR yang digabungkan dengan PCA dalam bilangan gelombang 1756 cm −1–1584 cm −1 (Amide I dan Amide II). Primer khusus spesies yang mensasarkan 212 bp gen sitokrom b babi dan 271 bp gen sitokrom b lembu digunakan untuk mengesan DNA dalam sembilan sampel bahan pergigian. PCR dijalankan untuk mengesahkan DNA babi dan lembu pada bahan pergigian. Semua data yang diperoleh dari ATR-FTIR dikenakan pra-pemprosesan data diikuti oleh PCA. Spektrum dibandingkan dengan spektrum standard gelatin lembu dan babi. Analisis ATR-FTIR dilakukan untuk menghasilkan data spektral untuk 42 sampel bahan pergigian. Hasilnya disahkan lebih lanjut dengan ujian reaksi berantai polimerase (PCR). Kajian ini menggunakan spektroskopi inframerah transformasi total refleksi-Fourier yang dilemahkan (ATR-FTIR) ditambah dengan analisis komponen utama (PCA) untuk mengesan dan membezakan antara gelatin babi dan lembu dalam bahan pergigian. Produk perubatan dan pergigian tidak terkecuali daripada penggunaan gelatin dalam formulasinya. Umat Islam dilarang menggunakan produk yang mengandungi babi dan turunannya, termasuk gelatin babi. The findings suggest that ATR-FTIR combined with PCA and conventional PCR are applicable for the identification of porcine and bovine gelatin in dental materials. Using PCR, one sample, BDM 01, was found to contain both porcine and bovine DNA, while one sample (BDM 14) was found to be positive for bovine DNA. The detection limit for DNA was 0.001 ng/μL and 0.0001 ng/μL for bovine and porcine gelatins, respectively. Detection and distinction of gelatin standards (bovine and porcine) against gelatin present in the dental materials was achieved using ATR-FTIR combined with PCA within wavenumber 1756 cm −1–1584 cm −1 (Amide I and Amide II). Species-specific primers targeting the 212 bp porcine cytochrome b and 271 bp bovine cytochrome b genes were used to amplify DNA in nine dental material samples. The results were further verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. This study employs attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) to detect and distinguish between porcine and bovine gelatins in dental materials. Medical and dental products are not exempt from the use of gelatin in their formulation. Muslims are prohibited from consuming products that contain pig products and their derivatives, including porcine gelatin.
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